Relative helix-forming tendencies of nonpolar amino acids

An important issue in understanding the relationship between protein sequence and structure is the degree to which different amino acids favour the formation of particular types of secondary structure. Estimates of the 'helix-forming tendency' of amino acids have been made based on 'host-guest' experiments, in which copolymers are made of the amino acid of interest (the 'guest') and a host residue (typically hydroxypropyl- or hydroxybutyl-L-glutamine). Recently, however, short alanine-based peptides were found to form stable monomeric helices in water, contrary to the result predicted from host-guest experiments. We have now measured the helix-forming tendency of five different nonpolar amino acids (Ala, Ile, Leu, Phe, Val) by substituting each in turn for alanine in a 17-residue alanine-based peptide and determining the extent of alpha-helix formation. Our results differ from those of host-guest experiments both in the degree of variation in helix-forming tendency of different amino acids, and in the rank order of the helix-forming tendency. We conclude that the helix-forming tendency of a particular amino acid depends on the sequence context in which it occurs; and the restriction of side-chain rotamer conformations is important in determining the helix-forming tendency.