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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...
Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed to...
Development of the Limb Synovial Joints01:07

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings01:11

Deformation of Member under Multiple Loadings

When a rod is made of different materials or has various cross-sections, it must be divided into parts that meet the necessary conditions for determining the deformation. These parts are each characterized by their internal force, cross-sectional area, length, and modulus of elasticity. These parameters are then used to compute the deformation of the entire rod.
In the case of a member with a variable cross-section, the strain is not constant but depends on the position. The deformation of an...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
06:52

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

Published on: May 26, 2020

Hip and knee joint loading during vertical jumping and push jerking.

Daniel J Cleather1, Jon E Goodwin, Anthony M J Bull

  • 1St. Mary's University College, Twickenham, UK. dancleather@hotmail.com

Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)
|November 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic lower limb activities like jumping and weightlifting generate high joint forces, exceeding those in daily living. This research quantizes forces in the knee, hip, and ankle for injury prevention and training optimization.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
06:52

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Published on: May 26, 2020

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion
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Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging
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A Novel Application of Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Imaging

Published on: September 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Human Movement Science
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Internal joint contact forces in the lower limb are well-studied for daily living and rehabilitation.
  • Forces during dynamic activities are less understood, with existing data suggesting high joint loading.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate internal joint forces in the lower limb during dynamic activities.
  • To emphasize forces experienced by the knee during vertical jumping, landing, and push jerking.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a biomechanical model of the right lower limb.
  • Calculated internal joint forces for vertical jumping, landing, and push jerking.

Main Results:

  • Knee peak loadings: patellofemoral (2.4-4.6x BW), tibiofemoral (6.9-9.0x BW), tibial shear (0.3-3.1x BW).
  • Hip peak loading: 5.5-8.4x BW.
  • Ankle peak loading: 8.9-10.0x BW.

Conclusions:

  • Joint contact forces in dynamic activities are higher than in daily living or less dynamic exercises.
  • Findings are crucial for understanding injuries, prosthetic performance, and informing training programs.
  • Data aids medical professionals, coaches, and researchers in optimizing patient and athlete management.