Retinal vessel tortuosity measures and their applications
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Updated: May 16, 2026

Quantification of Vascular Parameters in Whole Mount Retinas of Mice with Non-Proliferative and Proliferative Retinopathies
Published on: March 12, 2022
Angelos A Kalitzeos1, Gregory Y H Lip, Rebekka Heitmar
1Aston University, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
Abstract:
Structural retinal vascular characteristics, such as vessel calibers, tortuosity and bifurcation angles are increasingly quantified in an objective manner, slowly replacing subjective qualitative disease classification schemes. This paper provides an overview of the current methodologies and calculations used to compute retinal vessel tortuosity. We set out the different parameter calculations and provide an insight into the clinical applications, while critically reviewing its pitfalls and shortcomings.

