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Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

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Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

Postprandial hyperglycemia on vascular endothelial function: mechanisms and consequences.

Eunice Mah¹, Richard S Bruno

¹Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.

Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.)

|November 14, 2012

Summary

Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) impairs vascular function, even in healthy individuals, and predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide disruption are key mechanisms contributing to PPH-related vascular endothelial dysfunction.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

Published on: April 27, 2016

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Science
Endocrinology
Vascular Biology

Background:

Vascular endothelial dysfunction is a precursor to atherosclerosis and a major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Chronic hyperglycemia, common in diabetes, impairs vascular function, but acute postprandial hyperglycemia (PPH) also transiently affects vascular health.
PPH is a stronger predictor of CVD mortality than fasting glucose in both diabetic and non-diabetic individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review clinical evidence demonstrating that PPH impairs vascular function.
To discuss the role of oxidative stress in nitric oxide (NO) dysregulation and PPH-mediated vascular dysfunction.
To identify knowledge gaps and suggest future research directions for PPH as a CVD risk factor.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical studies utilizing functional indices of vascular function.
Analysis of evidence linking PPH to oxidative stress and NO homeostasis.
Synthesis of current understanding and identification of research limitations.

Main Results:

Clinical studies confirm that PPH impairs vascular function.
Oxidative stress and subsequent disruption of NO homeostasis are implicated in PPH-induced vascular endothelial dysfunction.
PPH poses a significant risk for CVD, particularly when vascular recovery mechanisms are compromised.

Conclusions:

Postprandial hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
Understanding the mechanisms of PPH-induced vascular dysfunction, particularly the role of oxidative stress, is crucial.
Further research is needed to fully elucidate PPH's contribution to CVD and inform preventative strategies.