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Related Concept Videos

The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Step-by-Step Stapedotomy through Transcanal Exclusive Endoscopic Approach
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Normal hearing after trauma with completely ectopic incus -- how possible?.

Y H Zou1, H Z Liu, S M Yang

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck, Division of Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.

ORL; Journal for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology and Its Related Specialties
|November 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

A rare case of complete incus dislocation after trauma resulted in normal hearing due to preserved fibrous connections. This finding suggests ossicular reconstruction may not always be necessary for such injuries.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Traumatic injuries
  • Auditory system anatomy

Background:

  • Incus dislocation is a rare consequence of head trauma.
  • Disruption of the ossicular chain typically leads to hearing loss.
  • Complete incus dislocation requires surgical intervention in most cases.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with complete incus dislocation following trauma.
  • Despite the dislocation, the patient exhibited normal hearing thresholds.
  • Imaging revealed the incus displaced into the mastoid cavity.

Findings:

  • Fibrous connections maintained the continuity of the incus.
  • Preserved bony continuity via fibrous tissue prevented conductive hearing loss.
  • The isolated incus remained functional within the middle ear.

Implications:

  • Complete incus dislocation does not invariably necessitate ossicular reconstruction.
  • This case challenges the standard surgical approach for incus injuries.
  • Further research into the functional significance of fibrous connections in ossicular trauma is warranted.