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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Diabetic Ketoacidosis ll: Pathophysiology

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a metabolic emergency characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. It results from severe insulin deficiency and an excess of counterregulatory hormones, leading to uncontrolled lipolysis, ketogenesis, and widespread electrolyte and fluid disturbances.Pathophysiology The central event in DKA is a profound loss of insulin action. Without insulin, glucose uptake in insulin-dependent tissues is impaired, while hepatic glucose production...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
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Endocrine and metabolic emergencies: hypoglycaemia.

Elora Mukherjee1, Richard Carroll, Glenn Matfin

  • 1Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK.

Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism
|November 14, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Hypoglycaemia, or low blood sugar, is a common endocrine emergency, particularly in diabetic patients. Prompt management is crucial to prevent severe consequences like brain dysfunction and death.

Keywords:
drug-induced hypoglycaemiahyperinsulinaemiahypoglycaemiainsulinoma

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Disorders
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose) is rare in healthy individuals due to robust glucose homeostasis mechanisms.
  • It can lead to severe neurological impairment and death if uncorrected.
  • Clinical hypoglycaemia is defined by symptoms and signs of impaired brain function due to low plasma glucose.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology and aetiology of hypoglycaemia.
  • To discuss the acute management of hypoglycaemia.
  • To differentiate causes of non-diabetes-associated hypoglycaemia.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on hypoglycaemia.
  • Analysis of clinical definitions and diagnostic criteria.
  • Discussion of common causes and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • Hypoglycaemia is the most common endocrine emergency in clinical practice.
  • The majority of cases occur in diabetic patients due to treatment or impaired counterregulation.
  • Non-diabetes causes include insulinoma, drugs, hormone deficiencies, and critical illness.

Conclusions:

  • Hypoglycaemia requires prompt recognition and management.
  • Understanding the diverse aetiologies is essential for effective treatment.
  • Further research into non-diabetes-associated hypoglycaemia may improve patient outcomes.