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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

[Differentiated thyroid cancer in childhood].

Sophie Leboulleux1, Dana Hartl, Eric Baudin

  • 1Institut Gustave-Roussy, université Paris-Sud, service de médecine nucléaire et de cancérologie endocrinienne, Villejuif, France. leboulleux@igr.fr

Bulletin Du Cancer
|November 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Childhood thyroid carcinoma, primarily papillary type, often presents with lymph node or lung metastases. Treatment involves surgery, radioiodine therapy, and lifelong thyroxine, with a favorable long-term prognosis despite rare late deaths.

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cancer Research

Context:

  • Thyroid carcinoma is a rare but significant malignancy in children.
  • Papillary thyroid carcinoma is the predominant histological subtype in pediatric cases.
  • Metastatic disease, including lymph node and lung involvement, is common at diagnosis.

Purpose:

  • To summarize the key aspects of pediatric thyroid carcinoma.
  • To outline the risk factors, diagnostic features, and treatment modalities.
  • To discuss the long-term prognosis and potential late complications.

Summary:

  • Pediatric thyroid carcinoma, predominantly papillary type, frequently involves lymph node (23-74%) and lung (6-20%) metastases at diagnosis.
  • Radiation exposure is a primary risk factor.
  • Treatment comprises total thyroidectomy, lymph node dissection, radioiodine therapy for advanced cases, and lifelong thyroxine replacement.
  • While the long-term prognosis is generally favorable, late cancer-related deaths can occur.

Impact:

  • Informs clinicians about the presentation and management of pediatric thyroid cancer.
  • Highlights the importance of early diagnosis and comprehensive treatment strategies.
  • Contributes to understanding the long-term outcomes and survivorship in childhood thyroid cancer.