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Functions of Thyroid Hormones

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...

The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

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Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

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Thyroid function in small for gestational age newborns: a review.

Bagnoli Franco¹, Farmeschi Laura, Nappini Sara

¹Department of Neonatal Pediatrics Section, Siena University Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine, Siena, Italy. bagnoli@unisi.it

Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology

|November 15, 2012

Summary

Small for gestational age (SGA) newborns may have altered thyroid hormone levels compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and evaluate levothyroxine (LT4) treatment efficacy in SGA infants.

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Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Neonatal Medicine
Pediatric Endocrinology

Background:

Small for gestational age (SGA) infants exhibit distinct hormonal profiles compared to appropriate for gestational age (AGA) newborns.
Thyroid hormones are crucial for growth and neurocognitive development, but their specific role in SGA infants remains unclear.
Existing data on thyroid hormone concentrations (TSH, T4) in SGA newborns during fetal and postnatal life are limited and controversial.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate potential differences in blood concentrations of thyroid hormones between SGA and AGA newborns.
To explore the association between altered thyroid hormone levels in SGA infants and the development of associated conditions like obesity, short stature, hypertension, and diabetes.
To determine the optimal timing and necessity of levothyroxine (LT4) substitutive therapy in preterm and full-term SGA newborns.

Main Methods:

This study aims to analyze thyroid hormone profiles (TSH, T4) in preterm and full-term SGA and AGA newborns.
Further trials are proposed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of levothyroxine (LT4) treatment in SGA infants.

Main Results:

The study highlights the need for further investigation into thyroid hormone profiles in SGA newborns.
Current data on thyroid hormone alterations in SGA infants during postnatal life are inconclusive.
The long-term health implications and optimal treatment strategies for thyroid hormone imbalances in SGA infants require further research.

Conclusions:

Significant gaps exist in understanding the thyroid hormone profile of SGA newborns, both preterm and full-term.
The role of thyroid hormone alterations in the pathogenesis of SGA-related disorders needs further elucidation.
Clinical trials are essential to establish evidence-based guidelines for levothyroxine (LT4) therapy in SGA infants.