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Related Concept Videos

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

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Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Chromatin organization, epigenetics and differentiation: an evolutionary perspective.

Sujata Kumari1, Amrutha Swaminathan, Snehajyoti Chatterjee

  • 1Transcription and Disease Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit (MBGU), Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Jakkur Post, Bangalore, 560064, India.

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry
|November 15, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Genome organization and epigenetics evolved over time, with DNA and protein elements changing structurally and functionally. This review explores the evolutionary journey and functional gains in genome packaging across organisms.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Genome packaging is a fundamental biological process observed across all life forms, from simple prokaryotes to complex mammals.
  • The components and forces driving genome organization have undergone significant evolutionary modifications.
  • Both DNA and protein elements play crucial roles in genome structure and dynamic regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a detailed evolutionary perspective on genome organization.
  • To examine the functional gains associated with changes in genome packaging throughout evolution.
  • To explore the interplay between genome organization and epigenetic modifications from an evolutionary standpoint.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on evolutionary biology, genomics, and epigenetics.
  • Comparative analysis of genome organization strategies across different taxa.
  • Synthesis of current research on the functional implications of evolutionary changes in genome packaging.

Main Results:

  • Documented significant structural and functional adaptations in DNA and protein elements involved in genome organization.
  • Highlighted the adaptive nature of these changes in response to evolving environmental and biological challenges.
  • Established a link between evolutionary trajectory and functional enhancements in genome packaging and epigenetic regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Genome organization and epigenetics are shaped by evolutionary pressures, leading to functional innovations.
  • Understanding the evolutionary history of genome packaging is crucial for comprehending its current functionality.
  • The dynamic interplay between genome structure, function, and evolution continues to drive biological complexity.