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Aquaporins

Aquaporins

Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.

Formation of Dilute Urine

Formation of Dilute Urine

The formation of dilute urine is a critical renal adaptation that maintains fluid balance, particularly during periods of high fluid intake. This process primarily involves the juxtamedullary nephrons. By adjusting the permeability of water and ions in response to physiological conditions, the kidneys can either conserve or excrete water, resulting in concentrated or dilute urine.
Filtrate Osmolarity in the PCT
Initially, as the filtrate passes through the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), its...

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...

Nephrons

Nephrons

The kidneys are intricate organs with millions of working units known as nephrons. Each nephron features two major structures: the renal corpuscle, which facilitates blood plasma filtration, and the renal tubule, which handles the glomerular filtrate. Blood supply is directly linked to the nephrons. The renal corpuscle consists of the glomerulus, a capillary network, and the Bowman's capsule, a double-walled epithelial structure that encases the glomerulus. The filtering of blood plasma happens...

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Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

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Decrease of renal aquaporins 1-4 is associated with renal function impairment in pediatric congenital hydronephrosis.

Zhen-Zhen Li¹, Lu Xing, Zhan-Zheng Zhao

¹The Institute of Clinical Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.

World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP

|November 16, 2012

Summary

Renal aquaporin (AQP1-4) levels decrease with worsening kidney function in pediatric congenital hydronephrosis. This study links reduced AQP1-4 expression to impaired renal function in children with CH.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Pediatric Urology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Congenital hydronephrosis (CH) in children is associated with reduced renal aquaporin (AQP1-4) expression.
The correlation between AQP1-4 levels and renal function impairment (RFI) in CH, assessed by (99m)Tc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging, remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the relationship between AQP1-4 expression and the degree of RFI in pediatric patients with CH.
To determine if AQP1-4 levels correlate with functional changes in kidneys affected by CH.

Main Methods:

Evaluated AQP1-4 expression using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry in 45 children with unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction and 15 controls.
Assessed renal function in pediatric CH patients using (99m)Tc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging, categorizing RFI into mild and severe.

Main Results:

Significantly reduced protein expression of AQP1-4 was observed in the severe RFI group compared to mild RFI and control groups (P<0.001).
A pronounced reduction in all four AQP isoforms (AQP1-4) was noted in kidneys with severe RFI compared to those with mild RFI and controls.

Conclusions:

AQP1-4 expression is downregulated in pediatric congenital hydronephrosis.
Reduced AQP1-4 expression is proportional to the degree of renal function impairment in children with CH, as assessed by (99m)Tc-DTPA renal dynamic imaging.