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Related Concept Videos

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction01:30

Drug toxicity: Drug–Drug Interaction

Drug–drug interactions can precipitate toxicity through multiple mechanisms. Absorption interactions alter how drugs enter the body, exemplified when ranitidine increases the absorption of basic drugs, while cholestyramine decreases the levels of propranolol. Protein binding interactions occur when drugs share the same binding sites on plasma proteins. Drugs like aspirin and warfarin, when bound in excess, can lead to increased free drug concentrations, enhancing the potential for...
Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions01:25

Pharmacokinetics: Drug–Drug Interactions

Drug interactions occur when the pharmacological effect of one drug is altered by another substance, either enhancing or diminishing its activity. The drug whose activity is altered is known as the object drug, and the substance causing the alteration is called the agent drug or the precipitant. The net effects of these interactions are mostly undesirable, leading to decreased effectiveness or increased adverse effects. In rare cases, interactions can be beneficial, such as the enhanced...
Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles01:21

Pharmacodynamics: Overview and Principles

Pharmacodynamics is a scientific field that delves into drugs' intricate biochemical, cellular, and physiological effects on the human body. The study of pharmacodynamics helps us understand how drugs interact with the body and elicit various responses.
Most drugs' effects result from their interactions with drug receptors or targets within the body. These interactions trigger specific responses at the cellular or systemic level. Drug receptors can be found on the surfaces of cells or within...
Drug-Receptor Interactions01:29

Drug-Receptor Interactions

Drug-receptor interaction describes the binding of receptors by drugs, but not all drug-receptor interactions result in activation and tissue response. For instance, the binding of agonists activates the receptor to generate a cellular reaction, while antagonists bind to receptors without causing their activation.
Several parameters, such as the drug's affinity for its receptor and its efficacy, which is its ability to activate the receptor, determine the drug's effect on the tissue.
Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism

The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
The most common type is receptor antagonism, where one drug acts as an antagonist to block the effects of another drug by...
Drug Toxicity: Risk factors01:24

Drug Toxicity: Risk factors

Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are potential complications that arise during pharmacotherapy, influenced by multiple risk factors. Age plays a significant role; both neonates and the elderly are at heightened risk due to their respective immature and diminished metabolic and elimination processes. Gender also impacts ADRs, with females experiencing a 1.5 to 1.7-fold greater risk than males, which may be linked to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and hormonal differences. Notably, neonates, the...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
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Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs

Published on: June 21, 2018

Drug interactions--principles, examples and clinical consequences.

Ingolf Cascorbi1

  • 1Institute of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel. cascorbi@pharmakologie.uni-kiel.de

Deutsches Arzteblatt International
|November 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding drug interactions is crucial, especially for the elderly, as they can lead to hospitalization. Knowledge of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic interactions helps prevent adverse drug events.

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High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method
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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Diagonal Method to Measure Synergy Among Any Number of Drugs
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Published on: June 21, 2018

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method
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High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

Published on: May 21, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Pharmacy
  • Drug Safety

Background:

  • Drug interactions can cause desired, reduced, or unwanted effects, increasing with the number of medications used.
  • Elderly patients (average 5 drugs) are at higher risk for drug interactions and related hospitalizations.
  • Up to 7% of hospitalizations are meta-analysis-confirmed to be drug-related.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms and implications of drug interactions.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding drug interactions for preventing adverse events.

Main Methods:

  • Selective literature review was conducted.

Main Results:

  • Drug interactions occur at pharmacodynamic (additive/antagonistic) and pharmacokinetic (absorption, elimination, metabolism) levels.
  • Examples include NSAID-phenprocoumon (additive), aspirin-ibuprofen (antagonistic), levothyroxine-antacids (absorption), digoxin-macrolides (elimination), and SSRI-beta-blocker competition for CYP450 enzymes (metabolism).

Conclusions:

  • Systematic knowledge of drug interactions (absorption, elimination, transport, metabolism) aids in preventing adverse effects.
  • Predicting pharmacodynamic interactions requires a deep mechanistic understanding.
  • Electronic prescribing systems can assist in managing and preventing drug interactions.