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Related Concept Videos

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation02:36

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

Cell size is a significant factor impacting cellular design, function, and fitness. There exists some internal coordination by which cells double their masses before division, thus, achieving homeostasis. Coordination between cell growth and proliferation depends on the checkpoints in between cell cycle phases. Loss of coordination or failure in the checkpoint mechanism can drive the cell to uncontrolled growth and loss of cellular function. Like dividing cells that coordinate cellular growth,...
Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
Surface Area
Cells can take in nutrients and water via diffusion through the plasma membrane itself or through specific channels in the membrane. The area of the membrane surrounding the cells limits the...
Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans
11:22

Using RNA-mediated Interference Feeding Strategy to Screen for Genes Involved in Body Size Regulation in the Nematode C. elegans

Published on: February 13, 2013

Gene size matters.

Alexandra Mirina1, Gil Atzmon, Kenny Ye

  • 1Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America.

Plos One
|November 16, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) show bias favoring genes with more SNPs. This study introduces a new method to correct this bias in gene-level analyses like pathway analysis, improving accuracy.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Statistical Genetics

Background:

  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are powerful tools for identifying genetic variants associated with diseases.
  • A known issue in GWAS is the bias towards genes with a higher density of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
  • This bias can skew results in downstream gene-level analyses, such as pathway and gene-set enrichment analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and quantify the bias in GWAS favoring genes with more SNPs.
  • To evaluate existing methods for correcting this bias in gene-level statistical significance.
  • To propose a novel, effective algorithm for bias correction in GWAS.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the relationship between SNP count and gene significance in GWAS data.
  • Compared the performance of several statistical methods in mitigating SNP-density bias.
  • Developed and validated a novel algorithm based on first-order statistics for bias correction.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a significant bias in GWAS results favoring genes with higher SNP coverage.
  • Found that some existing methods partially correct for this bias, but with limitations.
  • The proposed first-order statistic-based algorithm effectively corrects for SNP-density bias.

Conclusions:

  • Bias due to SNP density is a critical issue in GWAS gene-level analysis.
  • Accurate gene-level association requires robust bias correction methods.
  • The novel algorithm presented offers an effective solution for correcting SNP-density bias in GWAS.