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Related Concept Videos

Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
DNA Packaging00:58

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The DNA Replication Fork01:02

The DNA Replication Fork

An organism’s genome needs to be duplicated in an efficient and error-free manner for its growth and survival. The replication fork is a Y-shaped active region where two strands of DNA are separated and replicated continuously. The coupling of DNA unzipping and complementary strand synthesis is a characteristic feature of a replication fork.   Organisms with small circular DNA, such as E. coli, often have a single origin of replication; therefore, they have only two replication forks, one in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure
09:20

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

Published on: September 14, 2018

A new direction for gene looping.

Carlo E Randise-Hinchliff1, Jason H Brickner

  • 1Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.

Developmental Cell
|November 17, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intragenic looping helps RNA polymerase II orient correctly, reducing unwanted noncoding RNA production. This finding clarifies gene regulation mechanisms.

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Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET
11:27

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Published on: June 28, 2014

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure
09:20

CRISPR-Mediated Reorganization of Chromatin Loop Structure

Published on: September 14, 2018

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET
11:27

Studying DNA Looping by Single-Molecule FRET

Published on: June 28, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • RNA polymerase II (Pol II) initiates transcription at gene promoters.
  • Pol II can transcribe either messenger RNA (mRNA) or noncoding RNA (ncRNA).
  • Divergent transcription produces ncRNA from the opposite strand of a gene.

Discussion:

  • Intragenic DNA looping influences Pol II orientation during transcription initiation.
  • The study investigates the role of DNA looping in directing Pol II.
  • Proper Pol II orientation is crucial for selective mRNA synthesis.

Key Insights:

  • Intragenic looping significantly enhances the correct orientation of RNA polymerase II.
  • This mechanism effectively minimizes the synthesis of divergent noncoding transcripts.
  • The findings provide a new perspective on the regulation of transcription directionality.

Outlook:

  • Further research can explore the specific proteins involved in mediating intragenic looping.
  • Understanding this process could lead to new strategies for controlling gene expression.
  • Investigating variations in this mechanism across different species is warranted.