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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Viral Replication: Lytic Cycle

Bacteriophages, or phages, are viruses that specifically infect bacteria. Among them, T-even bacteriophages, such as T4, exhibit a well-characterized lytic replication cycle in Escherichia coli (E. coli). This process ensures the rapid proliferation of the virus while ultimately leading to the destruction of the bacterial host.Attachment and DNA InjectionThe infection process begins with the recognition and binding of the T4 phage to the E. coli cell surface. Tail fibers of the phage...

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Viruses with RNA Genomes

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

[Oncolytic enteroviruses].

P M Chumakov, V V Morozova, I V Babkin

Molekuliarnaia Biologiia

|November 20, 2012

Summary

Human enteroviruses offer a promising avenue for developing oncolytic viruses to treat cancer. Genetic engineering enables the creation of safe and selective viral therapies for cancer treatment.

Area of Science:

Virology
Molecular Biology
Oncology

Context:

Tumor cells exhibit heightened sensitivity to viral infections.
Viral oncolysis presents a potential cancer therapy modality.
Ensuring patient and environmental safety is paramount in oncolytic virus applications.

Purpose:

To review the potential of human enteroviruses as a source for oncolytic virus development.
To discuss the application of engineered enteroviruses in cancer therapy.
To explore the safety, selectivity, and practical use of oncolytic enteroviruses.

Summary:

Human enteroviruses, including Coxsackieviruses and vaccine strains, are explored as sources for oncolytic agents.
Genetic engineering advances allow for the development of attenuated enterovirus variants with enhanced safety and tumor selectivity.

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Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses

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Handling of the Cotton Rat in Studies for the Pre-clinical Evaluation of Oncolytic Viruses

Handling of the Cotton Rat in Studies for the Pre-clinical Evaluation of Oncolytic Viruses

Published on: November 24, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo

Published on: January 7, 2019

Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses

Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses

Published on: June 25, 2011

Handling of the Cotton Rat in Studies for the Pre-clinical Evaluation of Oncolytic Viruses

Handling of the Cotton Rat in Studies for the Pre-clinical Evaluation of Oncolytic Viruses

Published on: November 24, 2014

The review covers recent developments in oncolytic enterovirus research and their therapeutic prospects.

Impact:

Highlights the potential of oncolytic virotherapy using engineered enteroviruses for cancer treatment.
Discusses the challenges and future directions for the clinical application of oncolytic enteroviruses.
Emphasizes the importance of safety and selectivity in developing viral cancer therapies.