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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Metal-silicate Partitioning at High Pressure and Temperature: Experimental Methods and a Protocol to Suppress Highly Siderophile Element Inclusions

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Published on: June 13, 2015

Porphyry-copper ore shells form at stable pressure-temperature fronts within dynamic fluid plumes.

P Weis¹, T Driesner, C A Heinrich

¹Department of Earth Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland. weis@erdw.ethz.ch

Science (New York, N.Y.)

|November 20, 2012

Summary

Porphyry copper and gold deposits form from magma chamber fluids. Numerical models reveal how fluid dynamics stabilize metal precipitation, controlling ore deposit size, shape, and grade.

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Area of Science:

Geochemistry and Economic Geology
Magmatic-Fluid Systems

Background:

Porphyry-type ore deposits are significant sources of copper and gold.
These deposits form from fluids originating in crustal magma chambers.
Metal concentration occurs in ore shells within vein networks, created by hydraulic fracturing.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the role of dynamic permeability responses in metal precipitation.
To understand how fluid dynamics control ore deposit characteristics.
To explore the applicability of these processes to epithermal gold deposits and geothermal systems.

Main Methods:

Utilized numerical modeling to simulate fluid flow and metal precipitation.
Analyzed the interplay between magmatic fluid up-flow and meteoric fluid convection.
Examined the influence of heat advection and lateral cooling on deposit formation.

Main Results:

Dynamic permeability responses can stabilize a metal precipitation front.
The boundary between lithostatic and hydrostatic fluid pressures is critical.
Heat advection and lateral cooling dictate economic deposit characteristics (size, shape, grade).

Conclusions:

The described self-sustaining process explains key features of porphyry deposits.
This model may also apply to epithermal gold deposits and geothermal energy systems.
Understanding these processes is vital for resource exploration and geothermal potential assessment.