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Related Concept Videos

Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer is an enzyme that can...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...
Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone deacetylase,...

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Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes
10:14

Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes

Published on: October 25, 2014

ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling.

Jaya Yodh1

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA, jyodh@illinois.edu.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|November 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chromatin remodelers are essential enzymes that restructure DNA for vital processes like replication and repair. Their diverse mechanisms, family-specific functions, and regulation by subunit composition are key to their biological roles.

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Biochemical Assays for Analyzing Activities of ATP-dependent Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes
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Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes
08:44

Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes

Published on: October 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • DNA metabolism in eukaryotic nuclei is hindered by chromatin structure.
  • Chromatin remodeling complexes are crucial for overcoming this barrier.
  • These complexes utilize ATP-dependent mechanisms to restructure and reposition nucleosomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms and regulation of chromatin remodeling complexes.
  • To understand how these complexes facilitate DNA metabolism processes.
  • To explore the family-specific variations and functional outcomes of chromatin remodelers.

Main Methods:

  • Structural, biochemical, and biophysical analyses.
  • Investigation of enzyme-substrate interactions and catalytic mechanisms.
  • Analysis of subunit composition and regulatory associations.

Main Results:

  • Chromatin remodelers function as directional DNA translocases, disrupting DNA-histone interactions.
  • Remodeling mechanisms vary significantly between the four main families (SWI/SNF, ISWI, CHD, INO80).
  • Key differences include enzyme engagement with DNA, DNA loop intermediates, substrate specificity, and histone exchange capabilities.

Conclusions:

  • Chromatin remodelers are vital for eukaryotic DNA metabolism by managing nucleosome structure.
  • Their diverse mechanisms and family-specific functions are dictated by complex subunit composition and interactions.
  • In vivo targeting and biological function are finely tuned by regulatory associations and chromatin signals.