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Related Concept Videos

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
The Phosphorus Cycle01:21

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, such as phosphate ions (PO43-), found in soil, water, sediment and rocks. Phosphorus is often a limiting nutrient (i.e., in short supply). Consequently, phosphorus is added to most agricultural fertilizers, which can cause environmental problems related to runoff in aquatic ecosystems.
Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria
07:20

Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria

Published on: January 21, 2019

Phosphate is a vascular toxin.

Rukshana Shroff1

  • 1Renal Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, Great Ormond Street, London, WC1N 3JH, UK. Rukshana.Shroff@gosh.nhs.uk

Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|November 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary

High phosphate levels in chronic kidney disease (CKD) contribute to vascular calcification and mortality. Maintaining normal phosphate levels is crucial for reducing cardiovascular risk and improving survival in CKD patients.

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Elevated phosphate (P) is a hallmark of advanced renal failure, contributing to chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disease (CKD-MBD).
  • High P is linked to vascular calcification, arterial stiffness, and increased mortality in CKD patients.
  • Vascular effects of high P are observed even in pre-dialysis CKD and in individuals with normal kidney function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between elevated phosphate levels and adverse vascular outcomes.
  • To explore the role of phosphate in vascular calcification and mortality.
  • To evaluate the impact of phosphate binders on survival and cardiovascular health.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies on vascular cells exposed to high phosphate.

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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

Published on: September 26, 2025

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Assaying for Inorganic Polyphosphate in Bacteria
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  • Clinical studies in pediatric and adult dialysis patients.
  • Epidemiological analysis of phosphate levels, cardiovascular changes, and mortality.
  • Investigation of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) and Klotho in relation to phosphate and vascular health.

    • Main Results:

    • In vitro studies show high P induces vascular apoptosis, bone-like cell transformation, and calcification.
    • Clinical studies reveal high P is associated with increased vessel wall thickness, arterial stiffness, and coronary calcification.
    • Epidemiological data demonstrate a significant link between raised P and mortality, with phosphate binders improving survival.
    • Elevated FGF-23, triggered by high P, may act as an independent cardiovascular risk factor.

    Conclusions:

    • High phosphate levels exert detrimental effects on the vasculature, promoting calcification and increasing mortality risk.
    • Maintaining normal serum phosphate levels is essential for mitigating cardiovascular complications in CKD.
    • Therapeutic strategies targeting phosphate reduction are vital for improving outcomes in CKD patients.