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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Phase II Enzymes: N-acetyltransferase, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

Phase II biotransformation reactions are essential for detoxifying and eliminating xenobiotics, including many pharmaceutical compounds. These reactions typically involve conjugation, the covalent attachment of polar endogenous groups such as glucuronic acid, sulfate, methyl, or acetyl moieties to functional groups introduced during Phase I metabolism. The resulting conjugates are more water-soluble, enabling efficient renal or biliary excretion.The major classes of Phase II enzymes include...
Next-generation Sequencing03:00

Next-generation Sequencing

The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
Next-Generation Sequencing Methods
Although all next-generation methods use different technologies, they all share a set of standard features.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics
08:09

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Published on: June 17, 2012

Next generation sequencing in predicting gene function in podophyllotoxin biosynthesis.

Joaquim V Marques1, Kye-Won Kim, Choonseok Lee

  • 1Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6340, USA.

The Journal of Biological Chemistry
|November 20, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified two key enzymes, CYP719A23 and CYP719A24, in Podophyllum species. These enzymes convert (-)-matairesinol to (-)-pluviatolide, advancing our understanding of podophyllotoxin biosynthesis for cancer drugs.

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Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity
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Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

Published on: April 13, 2012

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics
08:09

Annotation of Plant Gene Function via Combined Genomics, Metabolomics and Informatics

Published on: June 17, 2012

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity
12:42

Fluorescence-microscopy Screening and Next-generation Sequencing: Useful Tools for the Identification of Genes Involved in Organelle Integrity

Published on: April 13, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Plant biochemistry
  • Medicinal plant research
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Podophyllum species are vital sources of (-)-podophyllotoxin, a precursor for potent anti-cancer drugs.
  • The complete biosynthetic pathway of (-)-podophyllotoxin remains largely unelucidated, hindering efficient production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify and characterize novel enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of (-)-podophyllotoxin in Podophyllum species.
  • To elucidate key steps in the medicinal plant's metabolic pathway.

Main Methods:

  • Massively parallel sequencing of Podophyllum hexandrum and Podophyllum peltatum transcriptomes.
  • Bioinformatics analysis of assembled transcriptomes to identify candidate genes.
  • Enzymatic assays to validate the function of identified cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Main Results:

  • Two cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP719A23 (from P. hexandrum) and CYP719A24 (from P. peltatum), were characterized.
  • Both enzymes successfully converted (-)-matairesinol to (-)-pluviatolide by forming a methylenedioxy bridge.
  • The identified enzymes showed higher similarity to alkaloid pathway enzymes than lignan pathway enzymes.

Conclusions:

  • CYP719A23 and CYP719A24 are crucial for a key step in (-)-podophyllotoxin biosynthesis.
  • Next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics are powerful tools for dissecting complex plant biosynthetic pathways.
  • This research facilitates further enzyme discovery for optimizing the production of anti-cancer drug precursors.