Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 16, 2026

Processing of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Matched Blood for Alveolar Macrophage and CD4+ T-cell Immunophenotyping and HIV Reservoir Assessment
Published on: June 23, 2019
Human immunodeficiency virus and respiratory disorders: clinical and diagnostic considerations
William John McBride1, Andrew R Greenhill
1School of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns Campus, Cairns Base Hospital, P.O. Box 902, Cairns, Queensland, Australia.
Abstract:
Respiratory infections are a major health burden for the people of Papua New Guinea (PNG) who are positive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the face of an ongoing HIV epidemic, little is known about the epidemiology and aetiology of respiratory infections in people living with HIV in PNG. In this article we provide an overview of the most important respiratory pathogens in HIV-positive people globally, focusing primarily on adults. Particular attention is given to respiratory viruses, bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Pneumocystis jiroveci. In doing so we highlight the need for a better understanding of the aetiology of respiratory infections in HIV-positive people in PNG. A study is underway that aims to determine the aetiology of common infectious illnesses in HIV-positive people in PNG, focusing on respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases and febrile illness. The results of this study should guide future prevention, diagnostic and treatment strategies.
Related Concept Videos
Immunodeficiency Diseases
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Common Respiratory Disorders
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
Sexually Transmitted Infections

