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Related Concept Videos

The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the subthalamic...
Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla01:21

Brainstem: Control Centers of Medulla

The medulla oblongata is a crucial part of the brainstem responsible for controlling various autonomic and involuntary functions. It contains several nuclei, including the olivary, cuneate, gracile, and solitary nuclei.
Olivary Nucleus
The olivary nucleus, or inferior olivary nucleus, is located within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata. It is primarily involved in motor coordination and motor learning. The olivary nucleus receives input from the spinal cord, cerebellum, and motor...
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay01:27

Diencephalon: Thalamus and Information Relay

The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the brain. Almost all inputs destined for the cerebral cortex, except for olfactory signals, are relayed through the thalamus. The thalamus is  a sophisticated relay station, channeling information from various brain regions to the cerebral cortex, as well as a filter, prioritizing certain signals over others based on current physiological states or needs.
Brainstem01:19

Brainstem

The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a vital role in relaying information and controlling critical life functions. It comprises three primary regions: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.
The Midbrain
The midbrain is located beneath the diencephalon and connects the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain. The cerebral peduncles are prominent midbrain structures that house the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

The micturition switch and its forebrain influences.

D J Griffiths1, C J Fowler

  • 1Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.

Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England)
|November 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores the brain

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
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Urinary Bladder Distention Evoked Visceromotor Responses as a Model for Bladder Pain in Mice
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The Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation
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The Use of Cystometry in Small Rodents: A Study of Bladder Chemosensation

Published on: August 21, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Urology

Background:

  • Previous research focused on brainstem control of micturition.
  • The role of the forebrain in human urinary control remains less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the forebrain's role in voluntary control of human micturition.
  • To understand the neural mechanisms maintaining continence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature.
  • Analysis of functional brain imaging studies in humans.

Main Results:

  • Identified key forebrain regions involved in voluntary micturition control.
  • Highlighted neural pathways essential for maintaining urinary continence.

Conclusions:

  • The forebrain plays a critical role in the volitional aspects of micturition and continence.
  • Functional brain imaging provides valuable insights into these complex neural processes.