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Related Concept Videos

Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro
08:41

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro

Published on: February 9, 2016

Understanding resistance to combination chemotherapy.

Justin R Pritchard1, Douglas A Lauffenburger, Michael T Hemann

  • 1Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.

Drug Resistance Updates : Reviews and Commentaries in Antimicrobial and Anticancer Chemotherapy
|November 21, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Classic combination chemotherapy principles are challenged by new genomic data. Emerging systems biology offers a path toward developing next-generation cancer drug combinations by understanding resistance mechanisms.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Modeling Chemotherapy Resistant Leukemia In Vitro
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Published on: February 9, 2016

Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms
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Implementation of In Vitro Drug Resistance Assays: Maximizing the Potential for Uncovering Clinically Relevant Resistance Mechanisms

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Pooled shRNA Library Screening to Identify Factors that Modulate a Drug Resistance Phenotype
14:51

Pooled shRNA Library Screening to Identify Factors that Modulate a Drug Resistance Phenotype

Published on: June 17, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Current combination chemotherapy relies on 50-60 year old principles.
  • Key principles include using drugs with independent mechanisms of action to minimize resistance and delivering drugs at maximum tolerated doses for enhanced cell killing.
  • Understanding these foundational principles is crucial for developing novel therapeutic combinations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore recent genomic evidence on resistance mechanisms in classic combination chemotherapy regimens.
  • To evaluate how emerging targeted therapies align with or contradict established combination therapy principles.
  • To identify opportunities for improving anti-cancer drug combination development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on combination chemotherapy.
  • Analysis of recent genomic data related to drug resistance.
  • Exploration of systems/network biology approaches for drug development.

Main Results:

  • Genomic evidence contradicts some historical rationales for commonly used drug regimens.
  • Recent targeted therapies have not significantly altered the principles of anti-cancer combination regimen construction.
  • Targeted therapies have not yet substantially impacted the treatment of most cancers.

Conclusions:

  • Emerging genomic data challenges established combination chemotherapy principles.
  • Systems/network biology approaches present a significant opportunity for rational drug combination development.
  • Next-generation combination therapies require a multivariate examination of drug interactions and resistance mechanisms, differentiating multi-drug resistance from single-agent resistance.