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Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

Diamagnetic Shielding of Nuclei: Local Diamagnetic Current

An applied magnetic field causes the electrons present in the molecule to circulate, setting up a local diamagnetic current within the molecule. The local diamagnetic current arising from circulating sigma-bonding electrons induces a magnetic field, Blocal that opposes the applied magnetic field, B0. The effective magnetic field experienced by these nuclei is given by the difference between the applied and local magnetic fields in a phenomenon called local diamagnetic shielding. Essentially,...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

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An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

Simulation, Fabrication and Characterization of THz Metamaterial Absorbers

Published on: December 27, 2012

Microwave collimation based on zero index metamaterials with Dirac point.

Kai Fang¹, Yewen Zhang, Fangfei Li

¹MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-structure Materials, Department of Physics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.

|November 21, 2012

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microwave zero index metamaterials (ZIMs) utilize transmission lines with Dirac cones. This enables near-zero angle refraction at the Dirac point, transforming curved wavefronts into planar ones in ZIM-DPS structures.

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Area of Science:

Metamaterials
Electromagnetism
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

Zero index metamaterials (ZIMs) offer unique electromagnetic properties.
Transmission lines (TLs) with Dirac cones exhibit linear dispersion near the Brillouin zone center.
ZIMs can be realized using lumped elements in 2D TLs.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the wave propagation characteristics in ZIM-DPS TL structures.
To demonstrate the realization of ZIMs using loaded 2D TLs with Dirac cones.
To experimentally verify the near-zero refraction phenomenon predicted by Snell's law.

Main Methods:

Loading lumped elements into 2D transmission lines to create Dirac cones.
Analyzing wave propagation using Snell's law at the ZIM-DPS interface.
Experimental demonstration of wavefront transformation at the Dirac point.

Main Results:

The ZIM-DPS TL structure exhibits near-zero angle refraction.
Wavefronts are transformed from curved in the ZIM region to planar in the DPS region at the Dirac point.
Experimental results confirm theoretical predictions for ZIMs.

Conclusions:

The developed ZIM TL structure effectively controls wave propagation.
Near-zero refraction is achievable in ZIM-DPS structures, with applications in wave manipulation.
This work validates the concept of ZIMs realized via loaded TLs with Dirac cones.