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Frequency-dependent Selection

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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.

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Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:

Load-frequency control

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Load-frequency control (LFC) is vital for maintaining power system stability, ensuring that frequency and power flows remain within acceptable limits during load changes. Turbine-governor control eliminates rotor accelerations and decelerations following load changes. However, a steady-state frequency error persists when the change in the turbine-governor reference setting is zero. In an interconnected power system, each area agrees to export or import a scheduled amount of power through...

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In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of 2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in the 3500–3100 cm−1 range. Even though both O−H and N−H bonds vibrate at a similar...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Fiber-based multiple-access ultrastable frequency dissemination.

C Gao¹, B Wang, W L Chen

¹Joint Institute for Measurement Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.

|November 21, 2012

Summary

We developed a new fiber-based system for distributing ultra-stable timing signals over long distances. This technology achieves high precision frequency dissemination, enabling synchronized signals across an 83 km fiber link.

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Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets

Published on: February 6, 2014

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Area of Science:

Physics
Optical Engineering
Metrology

Background:

Precise frequency dissemination is crucial for scientific research and advanced technologies.
Existing methods face challenges in maintaining stability over long fiber optic links.
Multiple-access schemes can improve the efficiency of frequency signal distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a novel fiber-based multiple-access system for ultrastable frequency dissemination.
To evaluate the performance and stability of the disseminated frequency signal.
To explore the potential applications of highly synchronized frequency signals in fiber networks.

Main Methods:

Implementation of a fiber-based multiple-access ultrastable frequency dissemination scheme.
Utilizing an 83 km fiber link for signal transmission.
Reproducing a 9.1 GHz radio-frequency modulation signal at an arbitrary point in the dissemination channel for performance testing.

Main Results:

Achieved relative frequency stability of 7×10(-14)/s and 5×10(-18)/day.
Successfully reproduced the disseminated signal with high fidelity.
Demonstrated the capability for highly synchronized frequency signal regeneration along the entire fiber pathway.

Conclusions:

The developed scheme provides a robust and efficient method for ultrastable frequency dissemination over long fiber links.
The achieved stability levels meet the stringent requirements for various scientific and technological applications.
The technology enables widespread access to highly synchronized frequency signals, opening avenues for new applications.