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Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Potential Scenarios

Pharmaceutical poisoning can occur through various channels, impacting an estimated 2 million hospitalized patients in the U.S. annually with serious adverse drug responses. These scenarios encompass both therapeutic uses, such as drug toxicity, where even standard dosages can lead to severe central nervous system depression, and non-therapeutic exposures, including accidental ingestion by children, and environmental and occupational exposures.Unintentional poisonings often involve exploratory...

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies

Pharmaceutical Poisoning: Treatment Strategies

Treatment strategies for poisoning are a critical aspect of emergency medicine, focusing on preventing the absorption of toxins and enhancing their elimination. When a poisoning incident occurs, the first response is to halt exposure and decontaminate the patient, particularly through gastrointestinal (GI) methods if the poison was ingested.Gastrointestinal Decontamination Techniques:Activated charcoal is the cornerstone of GI decontamination. It works through adsorption, binding the toxin to...

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

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Enhanced Elimination of Poison

Enhanced Elimination of Poison

Poison can be effectively removed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through various decontamination procedures.
Antidotes serve a crucial role in counteracting the effects of poison by inhibiting enzymes responsible for producing harmful drug metabolites. In some cases, these toxic metabolites can be neutralized by endogenous cosubstrates, which are maintained at specific concentrations to prevent interaction with cellular macromolecules and subsequent cell death.
Renal excretion is the...

Drug Toxicity: Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure Paired with Two-Bottle Choice to Model Alcohol Use Disorder

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Published on: June 23, 2023

[Surrogate alcohol poisonings].

Outi Lapatto-Reiniluoto¹, Risto Ikäheimo

¹HUS, Myrkytystietokeskus.

Duodecim; Laaketieteellinen Aikakauskirja

|November 22, 2012

Summary

Surrogate alcohol poisoning from methanol, ethylene glycol, and isopropanol causes deaths in Finland. Immediate treatment for metabolic acidosis is crucial, even with ethanol present, using antidotes like fomepizole.

Area of Science:

Toxicology
Emergency Medicine
Clinical Chemistry

Background:

Surrogate alcohols (methanol, ethylene glycol, isopropanol) are a significant cause of toxicological emergencies in Finland.
Diagnosis and severity assessment of surrogate alcohol poisoning are complicated by the frequent co-ingestion of ethanol.
Metabolic acidosis is a key indicator of severe surrogate alcohol poisoning.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the clinical challenges in diagnosing and managing surrogate alcohol intoxication.
To emphasize the importance of prompt treatment initiation in suspected cases.
To discuss the role of different antidotes and supportive therapies.

Main Methods:

Clinical assessment of patients with suspected surrogate alcohol ingestion.

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Monitoring for metabolic acidosis.

Analysis of treatment strategies including antidote administration and hemodialysis.

Main Results:

Delayed treatment due to awaiting concentration analysis can worsen outcomes.
Ethanol remains a common antidote, but fomepizole use is increasing.
Reversal of metabolic acidosis and hemodialysis are critical interventions.

Conclusions:

Immediate treatment for metabolic acidosis in suspected surrogate alcohol poisoning is vital.
Prompt intervention can mitigate the severity of methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning.
Antidote choice and supportive care are essential for patient survival.