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Related Concept Videos

Cis-regulatory Sequences02:02

Cis-regulatory Sequences

Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice — A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells
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Forward Genetic Approach to Uncover Stress Resistance Genes in Mice — A High-throughput Screen in ES Cells

Published on: November 11, 2015

Why rodent pseudogenes refuse to retire.

Manyuan Long, Li Zhang

    Genome Biology
    |November 22, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study explains why non-functional pseudogenes remain in mammalian genomes. Researchers investigated the evolutionary persistence of these genetic remnants in rodents and other mammals.

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    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Molecular Biology

    Background:

    • Pseudogenes are DNA sequences similar to functional genes but lack the ability to produce proteins.
    • The evolutionary fate and persistence of pseudogenes in mammalian genomes are not fully understood.
    • Understanding pseudogene dynamics can provide insights into genome evolution and regulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the factors contributing to the persistence of pseudogenes in rodent and mammalian genomes.
    • To elucidate the evolutionary mechanisms maintaining non-functional genetic elements.

    Main Methods:

    • Comparative genomics analysis across multiple mammalian species.
    • Bioinformatic approaches to identify and characterize pseudogenes.
    • Phylogenetic analysis to infer evolutionary histories of pseudogenes.

    Main Results:

    • Identified specific pseudogenes that have been conserved across rodent and mammalian lineages.
    • Found evidence suggesting that some pseudogenes may be maintained due to regulatory functions or other selective pressures.
    • Characterized the genomic context and potential origins of persistent pseudogenes.

    Conclusions:

    • Pseudogene persistence in mammalian genomes is likely driven by a combination of factors beyond simple sequence similarity to functional genes.
    • Further research into pseudogene functions may reveal novel roles in gene regulation and genome evolution.