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Related Concept Videos

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells
08:01

A Two-Step Strategy that Combines Epigenetic Modification and Biomechanical Cues to Generate Mammalian Pluripotent Cells

Published on: August 29, 2020

Hydrodynamic modulation of pluripotent stem cells.

Krista M Fridley, Melissa A Kinney, Todd C McDevitt

    Stem Cell Research & Therapy
    |November 22, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Controlled hydrodynamic culture systems enable high-throughput expansion and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). Understanding fluid dynamics is key to optimizing these systems for scalable PSC bioprocessing and clinical applications.

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    A Live-cell Image-Based Machine Learning Strategy to Monitor Pluripotent Stem Cell Differentiation

    Published on: October 4, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Stem Cell Biology
    • Biotechnology
    • Bioengineering

    Background:

    • Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold promise for clinical therapies, necessitating scalable expansion and differentiation methods.
    • Hydrodynamic culture systems offer high-throughput capabilities but present complex physical and chemical environments.
    • Isolating specific fluid flow effects on interconnected PSC self-renewal and differentiation processes is challenging.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To discuss the challenges and opportunities of hydrodynamic culture environments for PSC expansion and differentiation.
    • To explore the application of these systems in microfluidic devices and larger bioreactors.
    • To highlight the need for improved understanding of hydrodynamics' impact on PSCs for bioprocessing.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing literature on hydrodynamic culture systems for PSCs.
    • Analysis of the physical and chemical parameters in hydrodynamic environments (e.g., fluid shear stress, mass transport).
    • Discussion of PSC self-renewal and differentiation within these complex systems.

    Main Results:

    • Hydrodynamic cultures provide advantages like increased mass transfer and reduced cell handling compared to static cultures.
    • Complex fluid dynamics in these systems pose challenges for isolating specific environmental parameter effects.
    • The interplay of physical and chemical factors in fluid flow influences PSC behavior.

    Conclusions:

    • Improved understanding of hydrodynamics' effects on PSCs is crucial for developing efficient bioprocessing technologies.
    • Scalable PSC culture strategies are essential for advancing therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
    • Hydrodynamic systems, despite challenges, offer significant opportunities for PSC research and clinical translation.