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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Sexually Transmitted Infections01:26

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Smallpox01:24

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.
Genital Herpes01:23

Genital Herpes

Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection primarily caused by herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), though herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is increasingly implicated in genital infections, particularly among younger populations. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, with asymptomatic viral shedding serving as a major route of spread. This characteristic makes HSV-2 difficult to control at a population level, as individuals may unknowingly transmit the virus even in the...
Amebiasis01:28

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
13:55

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

Published on: January 27, 2019

Partner notification: can it control epidemic syphilis?

J K Andrus1, D W Fleming, D R Harger

  • 1Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia.

Annals of Internal Medicine
|April 1, 1990
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Syphilis control failed in Oregon due to anonymous sexual encounters, unlike gonorrhea. New strategies beyond partner notification are crucial for adult syphilis epidemics.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Syphilis rates surged in Oregon heterosexual adults in 1987, while gonorrhea remained stable.
  • Existing control measures were effective for gonorrhea but not syphilis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate why syphilis control measures failed in Oregon heterosexual adults.
  • To compare risk factors and sexual behaviors between syphilis and gonorrhea patients.

Main Methods:

  • An exploratory case-control study was conducted.
  • Data were collected from 146 early syphilis and 164 acute gonorrhea patients at Oregon public health clinics.
  • A questionnaire assessed sexual history and risk factors during STD interviews.

Main Results:

  • Syphilis patients reported significantly more unlocatable sexual partners (5.0) than gonorrhea patients (0.4).
  • Sex exchange for drugs/money was higher among syphilis patients (28%) and linked to 72% of unlocatable syphilis exposures.
  • This behavior accounted for 36% of unlocatable gonorrhea exposures.

Conclusions:

  • High rates of anonymous sexual encounters among syphilis patients hinder partner notification.
  • Current syphilis control strategies need enhancement beyond traditional partner notification.
  • Urgent development of supplementary prevention strategies is required to manage adult syphilis epidemics.