[Potential pathogens in multiple sclerosis (MS)]

Area of Science:

• Neuroimmunology
• Genetics
• Environmental Health

Background:

• Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neuroimmunological disease with unidentified etiologic agents.
• The pathogenesis of MS likely involves multiple simultaneous or sequential factors.
• Current research explores genetic predispositions and environmental influences.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the current understanding of factors contributing to the etiopathogenesis of multiple sclerosis.
• To consolidate research on genetic, viral, and environmental elements implicated in MS development.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of existing studies on multiple sclerosis etiology.
• Examination of genetic associations (HLA, TCR genes).
• Investigation of environmental factors (infections, vitamin D) and human endogenous retroviruses (HERV).

Main Results:

• No single etiologic agent for MS has been definitively identified.
• Multiple sclerosis development is associated with complex interactions between genetic factors, HERVs, and environmental exposures.
• Bacterial, fungal, and viral infections, alongside vitamin D levels, are considered potential contributors.

Conclusions:

• The etiology of multiple sclerosis is multifactorial, involving a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental triggers.
• Further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which these factors contribute to MS pathogenesis.
• Understanding these complex interactions is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for MS.