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Updated: May 16, 2026

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Published on: September 30, 2021
Pathways and targets in hepatocellular carcinoma
Amanda Psyrri1, Nikolaos Arkadopoulos, Maria Vassilakopoulou
1Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, 1 Rimini Street, 12462, Athens, Greece. dp237@email.med.yale.edu
Abstract:
The incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been rising in several western low-incidence areas over the past decade. The purpose of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the 'state of the art' management of HCC focusing on targeted systemic therapies. The information for this review was compiled by searching the PubMed and MEDLINE databases for articles published until 1 June 2012. Cytotoxic chemotherapy has failed to affect outcome of HCC. Treatment with sorafenib is associated with survival gain in HCC but the responses are not durable. In addition, sorafenib is associated with substantial dermatologic and gastrointestinal toxicity. In this review, the authors summarize molecular targets and signal transduction pathways in HCC and provide an update of published and ongoing studies. Many targeted agents against angiogenesis, Ras/Raf/MAPK, EGF receptor, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, HGF/Met and IGF/IGF receptor are being tested in clinical trials.
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