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Related Concept Videos

Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...

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Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes

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Haemoglobin A1c: Historical overview and current concepts.

Erna Lenters-Westra1, Roger K Schindhelm, Henk J Bilo

  • 1Department of Clinical Chemistry, Isala Klinieken, Zwolle, The Netherlands. w.b.lenters@isala.nl

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
|November 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) is crucial for diabetes management and diagnosis. This review covers HbA1c biochemistry, measurement variations, historical discovery, available assays, and performance recommendations.

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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

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Glycemic Impact on Knee Osteoarthritis Symptoms on Physical, Radiographic, and Inflammatory Markers among Individuals Aged 50 and Over with Diabetes
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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory
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A Zebrafish Model of Diabetes Mellitus and Metabolic Memory

Published on: February 28, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Endocrinology
  • Laboratory Medicine

Background:

  • Glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) emerged as a key marker following its discovery in 1969.
  • HbA1c is now a gold standard for diabetes mellitus (DM) glucose management and increasingly used for diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biochemistry of HbA1c.
  • To discuss analytical and biological variations in HbA1c measurement.
  • To provide an overview of current HbA1c assays and recommend performance standards.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on HbA1c biochemistry, measurement principles, and assay methodologies.
  • Analysis of analytical and biological variation concepts relevant to HbA1c testing.
  • Compilation and assessment of currently available HbA1c assay methods.

Main Results:

  • HbA1c measurement is vital for diabetes care, with over 30 available methods exhibiting varied analytical performance.
  • Understanding analytical and biological variation is critical for accurate HbA1c interpretation.
  • Recommendations for minimal analytical performance characteristics of HbA1c assays are presented.

Conclusions:

  • HbA1c remains a cornerstone in diabetes mellitus diagnosis and management.
  • Standardization and quality control of HbA1c assays are essential due to performance variability.
  • Further research and adherence to performance recommendations will improve clinical utility of HbA1c testing.