Microbial degradation of chlorpyrifos in liquid media and soil

Chlorpyrifos is a broad-spectrum insecticide which is used extensively in agriculture worldwide. Its massive application has led to the contamination of water and soil, and disruption of biogeochemical cycles. In addition, its residues have been detected in various ecological systems. A number of methods are currently available that can be used for the detoxification of such pesticides, however, this review focuses on microbial biodegradation which is considered to be one of the most viable options for the removal of organophosphate pesticides from the environment. Identification of genes and enzymes responsible for the cleavage of specific functional groups of the pesticide and understanding the kinetics of biodegradation are critical to accomplish successful bioremediation. Recently, the use of indigenous or genetically modified microorganisms and/or plants has increased the chances for in-situ bioremediation of contaminated sites. The literature provides evidence that the bioremediation process can be enhanced by maintaining an effective chlorpyrifos-degrading microbial community in the contaminated site and optimizing environmental conditions.