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Related Concept Videos

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Papillary thyroid carcinoma with bone formation.

Ki Yong Na1, Hyun-Sook Kim, Seung Kwan Lee

  • 1Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.

Pathology, Research and Practice
|November 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Bone formation in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is rare. Upregulation of activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 1 may explain this osteogenesis, particularly in older patients.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Bone formation is an infrequent histological finding in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).
  • Bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-9 is a potent osteoinductive protein, and activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 1 is implicated in BMP-9 signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze clinicopathological parameters of PTC with bone formation.
  • To document histological features of bone formation in PTC.
  • To investigate the expression of osteogenic proteins BMP-9 and ALK1 in PTC.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 567 PTC tumor sections.
  • Immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) to assess ALK1 and BMP-9 expression.
  • Comparison between normal thyroid tissue, PTC with bone formation, and PTC without bone formation.

Main Results:

  • Bone formation was observed in 13% of PTC patients, associated with older age.
  • BMP-9 expression was increased in PTC tumors compared to normal thyroid tissue.
  • ALK1 expression was significantly increased in PTC tumors with bone formation compared to normal thyroid tissue and PTC without bone formation.

Conclusions:

  • Upregulation of ALK1 may be a key molecular mechanism driving osteogenesis in papillary thyroid carcinoma.
  • This finding provides insight into the pathogenesis of bone formation in PTC.