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Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle01:29

Microbes and the Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur is a vital element in Earth's biogeochemical systems. It transitions through various inorganic states, including sulfate (SO₄²⁻), elemental sulfur (S⁰), and sulfide (S²⁻). Abiotic and biological mechanisms across oxic and anoxic environments intricately mediate these transformations. Sulfate, the most oxidized form of sulfur, is predominantly stored in rocks, marine sediments, and oceanic waters, acting as a long-term reservoir in the global sulfur cycle.In oxic environments,...
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Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a phototrophic process that captures light energy to drive carbon fixation without producing molecular oxygen. Unlike oxygenic photosynthesis, which utilizes water as an electron donor and releases oxygen, anoxygenic phototrophs use alternative electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), elemental sulfur (S⁰), or thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻). This process is carried out by diverse groups of bacteria, including purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, heliobacteria, and...
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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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Microbial activity plays a pivotal role in the biogeochemical cycling of iron and manganese, especially at the redox gradients characteristic of stratified aquatic environments. These cycles are driven by microbial transformations between oxidized and reduced forms of the metals, allowing organisms to exploit them for metabolic energy and structural purposes.Iron Cycling Across Redox GradientsIn neutral, oxygen-rich surface waters, iron is predominantly found in its oxidized, insoluble ferric...
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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
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A physiologically based kinetic model for bacterial sulfide oxidation.

Johannes B M Klok1, Marco de Graaff, Pim L F van den Bosch

  • 1Sub-department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. johannes.klok@wur.nl

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Summary

This study introduces a new model for hydrogen sulfide removal using bacteria, focusing on cytochrome c activity to predict product formation. The model accurately describes biodesulfurization processes and predicts high elemental sulfur yield.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Environmental Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Biotechnological hydrogen sulfide removal can produce various oxidation products.
  • Haloalkaliphilic sulfide oxidizing bacteria use flavocytochrome c oxidoreductase for sulfide oxidation under natron-alkaline conditions.
  • Cytochrome c oxidation-reduction state correlates with bacterial end-product formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a physiologically based mathematical model for bacterial oxidation kinetics in biodesulfurization.
  • To describe the dynamic formation of end-products during the bioprocess.
  • To incorporate the oxidation state of cytochrome c into the model structure.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a model combining Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a cytochrome c driven mechanism.
  • Modeled the rate-determining enzymes of the respiratory system in haloalkaliphilic sulfide oxidizing bacteria.
  • Validated the model using biological respiration tests and bench scale gas-lift reactor experiments.

Main Results:

  • The model accurately describes product formation for haloalkaliphilic biomass under dynamic conditions.
  • The model successfully predicted a maximum elemental sulfur (S⁰) formation of approximately 98 mol%.
  • The model proved to be a powerful tool for understanding biodesulfurization product dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • The developed physiologically based model enhances the understanding of biodesulfurization.
  • Future optimization efforts should focus on dissolved oxygen control and reactor design.
  • The model provides a robust framework for predicting and optimizing bioprocess performance.