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Related Concept Videos

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
The calcium concentration in blood plasma is primarily regulated...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
Introduction to Electrolytes01:33

Introduction to Electrolytes

In humans, electrolytes play a vital role in various physiological processes. Balancing electrolyte levels is essential for normal body functions; their imbalance can be life-threatening. The major electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphate, and bicarbonate. They are primarily involved in physiological processes, such as nerve signal transmission, membrane trafficking, muscle contraction, buffering body fluids, and balancing water levels in the body.
Role of Sodium
One...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Published on: July 14, 2023

Hypophosphatemia and growth.

Fernando Santos1, Rocío Fuente, Natalia Mejia

  • 1Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias & University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain. fsantos@uniovi.es

Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|November 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) impacts growth in hypophosphatemic rickets. Impaired growth in X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) may stem from factors beyond mineralization defects.

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Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model
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Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

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Published on: July 14, 2023

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model
08:42

Skeletal Phenotype Analysis of a Conditional Stat3 Deletion Mouse Model

Published on: July 3, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) discovery has expanded understanding of phosphate and mineral metabolism.
  • Primary hypophosphatemic syndromes, including X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), are increasingly diagnosed.
  • Growth impairment is a common, variable feature of these syndromes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the impairment of growth in primary hypophosphatemic syndromes.
  • To discuss the pathogenesis of growth retardation in XLH and related conditions.
  • To evaluate current and potential therapeutic strategies for growth disturbances.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical data from XLH patients and Hyp mice models.
  • Analysis of growth patterns and response to treatments.
  • Examination of the role of FGF23 and hypophosphatemia in growth plate metabolism.

Main Results:

  • Children with XLH exhibit short stature, particularly affecting lower limbs.
  • Standard treatment (phosphate and vitamin D) improves rickets but not overall growth.
  • Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) may improve growth rate without correcting hypophosphatemia or disproportion.

Conclusions:

  • Growth defects in XLH and other hypophosphatemic syndromes are not solely due to mineralization issues.
  • Hypophosphatemia and FGF23 likely have direct effects on bone metabolism and growth plate function.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the pathogenesis and optimize treatment for growth impairment.