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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

Embryonic Stem Cells

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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

Published on: December 13, 2007

Informed consent and fresh egg donation for stem cell research.

Katherine Carroll¹, Catherine Waldby

¹Centre for Health Communication, University of Technology, Sydney, Sydney, Australia. katherine.carroll@uts.edu.au

Journal of Bioethical Inquiry

|November 27, 2012

Summary

Informed consent for oöcyte donation should include patients' lived experiences, not just medical facts. Completing one in vitro fertilisation (IVF) cycle first helps patients understand the realities of treatment.

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Area of Science:

Reproductive Medicine
Bioethics
Stem Cell Research

Background:

Informed consent in oöcyte donation often prioritizes factual information over patient experience.
The embodied knowledge gained from undergoing fertility treatment is frequently overlooked in consent processes.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an informed consent model for oöcyte donation that integrates patients' embodied experiences.
To explore how lived experiences during in vitro fertilisation (IVF) influence perceptions of oöcyte value and donation.

Main Methods:

Qualitative study involving interviews with 35 patients and health professionals at an Australian IVF clinic.
Analysis of interview data to understand patient perspectives on IVF uncertainty and oöcyte donation.

Main Results:

Patients often overestimate IVF success before treatment but perceive oöcytes as precious and precarious during treatment.
Embodied experience provides crucial knowledge not captured by standard informed consent procedures.
The study highlights the gap between theoretical understanding and the lived reality of IVF.

Conclusions:

Informed consent for oöcyte donation (for research or egg sharing) must formally incorporate embodied knowledge.
Recommends completing at least one full IVF cycle before soliciting oöcyte diversion for donation.
Integrating lived experience enhances ethical considerations in assisted reproduction and donation.