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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
Following ovulation, the corpus luteum, a temporary endocrine structure, produces progesterone and estrogens. These hormones stimulate the growth and coiling of endometrial...
Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens
09:15

Two Methods for Establishing Primary Human Endometrial Stromal Cells from Hysterectomy Specimens

Published on: May 23, 2014

Endometrial haemostasis and menstruation.

Joanna Davies1, Rezan A Kadir

  • 1The Haemophilia Centre and Thrombosis Unit, The Royal Free Hospital, Hampstead, London, UK.

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|November 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) can stem from imbalanced hemostasis, with bleeding disorders like von Willebrand disease (VWD) being potential causes. Specific scores can identify women needing further hemostatic evaluation for HMB management.

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive endocrinology
  • Hematology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Menstruation is a hormonally controlled process involving endometrial hemostasis for bleeding cessation.
  • Hemostasis relies on platelet aggregation, fibrin deposition, and thrombus formation, regulated by local factors.
  • Imbalances in hemostatic factors can lead to abnormal uterine bleeding, most commonly heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of hemostatic factors in menstruation and abnormal uterine bleeding.
  • To highlight the association between undiagnosed bleeding disorders and heavy menstrual bleeding.
  • To discuss the evolving management strategies for HMB, including the utility of bleeding assessment tools.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological mechanisms of menstruation and hemostasis.

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Ex Vivo Method for Assessing the Mouse Reproductive Tract Spontaneous Motility and a MATLAB-based Uterus Motion Tracking Algorithm for Data Analysis

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Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids
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Generation of Multicellular Human Primary Endometrial Organoids

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  • Discussion of the impact of hemostatic factor imbalances on uterine bleeding.
  • Analysis of diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions for HMB.

    • Main Results:

    • Progesterone withdrawal initiates menstruation; endometrial hemostasis stops bleeding via coagulation and fibrinolysis.
    • Undiagnosed bleeding disorders, such as von Willebrand disease (VWD) and platelet function disorders, are significant underlying causes of HMB.
    • Menstrual and bleeding scores can help identify patients who may benefit from hemostatic evaluation.
    • Hemostatic agents like tranexamic acid and DDAVP effectively reduce menstrual blood loss.

    Conclusions:

    • Abnormal uterine bleeding, particularly HMB, can result from dysregulation of endometrial hemostasis and underlying bleeding disorders.
    • Clinical assessment tools can aid in identifying women with HMB who require further hemostatic investigation.
    • Pharmacological agents can manage menstrual blood loss, and further research is needed for targeted interventions.