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Related Concept Videos

Disorders of Leukocytes01:27

Disorders of Leukocytes

Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
Leukopenia may result from bone marrow disorders, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. For example, conditions such as multiple myeloma and aplastic anemia can impair the bone marrow's ability to produce adequate leukocytes. Similarly, autoimmune diseases like lupus and viral infections such as HIV can prompt the immune system...
Structure and Function of Leukocytes01:21

Structure and Function of Leukocytes

An adult in good health typically has between 4,500 and 11,000 leukocytes, or white blood cells, per microliter of blood, which constitutes about 1% of the total blood volume. Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells contain a nucleus and other cellular organelles but do not have hemoglobin. Most white blood cells reside in connective tissues, particularly in lymphatic organs such as the lymph nodes, with only a small fraction present in circulating blood.
White blood cells protect the body...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care01:20

Acute Kidney Injury V: Interprofessional Care

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) requires a collaborative healthcare approach to restore renal function and prevent complications. Essential management strategies involve monitoring fluid and electrolyte balance, adjusting medications, initiating dialysis when necessary, and providing nutritional support.Fluid and Electrolyte ManagementFluid Monitoring: Regularly monitoring body weight, central venous pressure, and urine output helps detect fluid imbalances early. Patient intake and output are...
Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells01:15

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...

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Murine Model of Leukemia Relapse to Induction Chemotherapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
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Hyperleukocytosis: emergency management.

Richa Jain1, Deepak Bansal, R K Marwaha

  • 1Hematology/Oncology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.

Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|November 27, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hyperleukocytosis, a medical emergency in children with acute leukemia, requires prompt management to prevent complications. Treatment strategies focus on hydration, tumor lysis syndrome prevention, and interventions like leukapheresis or exchange transfusion for severe cases.

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Published on: March 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Hematology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Hyperleukocytosis, defined as a leukocyte count over 100,000/mm³, is a critical condition in pediatric acute leukemia.
  • High white cell counts increase blood viscosity, leading to potential neurological, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the etiology and management of hyperleukocytosis in pediatric emergency settings.
  • To discuss the risks, benefits, and practical considerations of various treatment modalities.

Main Methods:

  • Review of hyperleukocytosis definition, common causes in children, and associated risks.
  • Analysis of initial management strategies including hydration and tumor lysis syndrome prevention.
  • Evaluation of therapeutic interventions: red cell transfusion, leukapheresis, and exchange transfusion.

Main Results:

  • Hyperleukocytosis necessitates immediate intervention to mitigate risks of vascular stasis and tumor lysis syndrome.
  • Red cell transfusion is contraindicated in stable patients due to increased viscosity.
  • Leukapheresis is the preferred treatment for very high counts or symptomatic patients, despite technical challenges.
  • Exchange transfusion offers a practical alternative for hyperleukocytosis with severe anemia.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of pediatric hyperleukocytosis involves a multi-faceted approach tailored to the patient's clinical status.
  • Leukapheresis and exchange transfusion are crucial interventions, with the latter being a viable option in anemic patients.
  • Understanding the nuances of these treatments is vital for pediatric emergency room physicians.