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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Translation in Prokaryotes01:29

Translation in Prokaryotes

Prokaryote translation is a complex, highly coordinated process that converts genetic information from mRNA into functional proteins. It involves three stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each facilitated by specific molecular components.Initiation of TranslationThe process begins with the assembly of the ribosomal subunits and initiation factors on the mRNA. In bacteria, the 30S ribosomal subunit recognizes the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in the mRNA, a conserved region upstream of...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...
Ribosomes01:27

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that synthesize large quantities of protein—such as secretory cells in the human pancreas—can contain millions of ribosomes.
Ribosome Structure and Assembly
Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins. In eukaryotes, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus—a part of the nucleus that specializes in ribosome production. Within...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
08:23

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data

Published on: February 18, 2022

On programmed ribosomal frameshifting: the alternative proteomes.

Robin Ketteler1

  • 1MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, Translational Research Resource Centre, University College London London, UK.

Frontiers in Genetics
|November 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed ribosomal frameshifting, a mechanism distinct from genomic indels, allows genes to produce multiple proteins. Recent advances enable systematic identification of these events across all genomes, revealing alternative proteomes.

Keywords:
frameshiftgenomichigh-throughputproteomicscreensystems biology

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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Published on: February 18, 2022

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis
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RIBO-seq in Bacteria: a Sample Collection and Library Preparation Protocol for NGS Sequencing
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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Frameshifting is a key genetic mechanism.
  • Two primary types exist: genomic insertions/deletions (indels) and programmed ribosomal frameshifting.
  • Indels typically disrupt protein function, while programmed ribosomal frameshifting can generate dual-coding genes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize technical advancements in systematically identifying programmed ribosomal frameshifting events.
  • To discuss the implications of these frameshifting events on protein diversity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of technical advances for identifying programmed ribosomal frameshifting.
  • Analysis of studies systematically identifying frameshifting events.

Main Results:

  • Programmed ribosomal frameshifting is a prevalent mechanism in gene expression.
  • These events occur across all studied genomes.
  • Dual-coding genes can produce multiple functional protein products.

Conclusions:

  • Systematic identification of programmed ribosomal frameshifting is now feasible.
  • This mechanism contributes significantly to proteome diversity.
  • Further methods are needed to fully characterize alternative proteomes generated by frameshifting.