Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Determination of Crystal Structures

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Uniaxial-Pressure Control of Excitonic Fluctuations and Monoclinic Distortions in Ta_{2}NiSe_{5}.

Physical review letters·2025

Same author

Unconventional Crystal Structure of the High-Pressure Superconductor La_{3}Ni_{2}O_{7}.

Physical review letters·2024

Same author

Design and initial results of the imaging neutral particle analyzer in large helical device.

The Review of scientific instruments·2024

Same author

The initial measurement of a compact D-T neutron spectrometer based on a single-crystal chemical vapor deposition diamond stack for fusion plasma diagnostic.

The Review of scientific instruments·2024

Same author

Optimization of a fast deuterium diagnostic method based on visible energetic 3He spectroscopy for high electron density plasmas.

The Review of scientific instruments·2023

Same author

Fast-sampling fast-ion D-alpha measurement using multi-anode photomultiplier tube in large helical device.

The Review of scientific instruments·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Generalized bond order parameters to characterize transient crystals.

M Isobe¹, B J Alder

¹Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, 466-8555, Japan. isobe@nitech.ac.jp

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|November 28, 2012

Summary

Transient crystal nuclei in hard disk fluids are numerous, small, and long-lived, causing slow stress decay near freezing. This study reveals key insights into pre-freezing dynamics and fluid viscosity. Keywords: crystal nuclei, hard disk fluid, pre-freezing phase, viscosity.

More Related Videos

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Published on: February 9, 2017

$On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature$

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

From Molecules to Materials: Engineering New Ionic Liquid Crystals Through Halogen Bonding

Published on: March 24, 2018

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Published on: February 9, 2017

$On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature$

On-Chip Crystallization and Large-Scale Serial Diffraction at Room Temperature

Published on: March 11, 2022

Area of Science:

Physics
Materials Science
Computational Chemistry

Background:

Understanding phase transitions in simple systems like hard disk fluids is crucial for fundamental physics.
Pre-freezing phenomena, including the formation of transient crystal nuclei, significantly impact bulk material properties.
Previous methods for analyzing these nuclei were computationally intensive, limiting detailed investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the number, lifetime, and size of transient crystal nuclei in the pre-freezing phase of hard disk fluids.
To develop and apply advanced computational methods for analyzing higher-order correlation functions.
To elucidate the relationship between transient crystal nuclei and the observed "molasses tail" in viscosity.

Main Methods:

Computation of higher-order parameters, including neighbor shells bond orientational order parameters.
Coarse-graining of correlation functions for evaluating the stress autocorrelation function.
Development of a significantly faster method for calculating pair orientational correlation functions, achieving a two-orders-of-magnitude speed-up.
Calculation of time-dependent four-body orientational correlations to characterize transient crystal size.

Main Results:

Successfully reproduced previous results for pair orientational correlation functions with a substantial speed improvement.
Enabled the calculation of four-body orientational correlations, providing insights into transient crystal sizes.
Identified a large number of small, long-lived transient crystal nuclei as the cause of the slow stress autocorrelation decay near freezing.

Conclusions:

The "molasses tail" in hard disk fluid viscosity near freezing is attributed to the collective behavior of numerous, persistent, small crystal nuclei.
The developed computational methodology offers a more efficient approach to studying pre-freezing dynamics.
This research provides a deeper understanding of nucleation and growth processes in phase transitions.