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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...

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Reply to 'Comment on "Toxicities in long-term survivors of head and neck cancer-A multi-national cross-sectional analysis"'.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells
09:32

Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Analysis and Quantification of Intratumoral PD-1+ Tim-3+ CD8+ T Cells

Published on: February 8, 2018

Ipilimumab in melanoma.

Pol Specenier1

  • 1Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp University, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650 Edegem, Belgium. pol.specenier@uza.be

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy
|November 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary

Ipilimumab, an immunotherapy targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4, significantly improved survival in melanoma patients. Further research is needed to identify predictive factors and optimize its use alongside other treatments.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Ipilimumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4).
  • CTLA-4 blockade enhances T-cell activation and anti-tumor immunity.
  • Understanding CTLA-4 signaling is crucial for cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of ipilimumab in melanoma treatment.
  • To compare ipilimumab combined with other therapies against standard treatments.
  • To identify potential predictive factors for ipilimumab activity.

Main Methods:

  • Randomized Phase III trial comparing ipilimumab (alone or with gp100 vaccine) versus gp100 alone.
  • Evaluation of ipilimumab plus dacarbazine versus dacarbazine alone in previously untreated patients.

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  • Monitoring of overall survival and adverse events.

    • Main Results:

    • Ipilimumab significantly prolonged overall survival in patients with disease progression after prior treatment.
    • Addition of ipilimumab to dacarbazine also significantly prolonged overall survival in previously untreated patients.
    • Immune-related adverse events were the most common side effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Ipilimumab demonstrates significant survival benefits in melanoma patients, both as a single agent and in combination therapies.
    • Management of immune-related adverse events is critical.
    • Further research is needed to identify predictive biomarkers and optimize treatment sequencing, especially for BRAFV600 mutant melanoma.