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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs02:57

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
11:04

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Published on: May 19, 2019

Transposable elements reveal a stem cell-specific class of long noncoding RNAs.

David Kelley, John Rinn

    Genome Biology
    |November 28, 2012
    PubMed
    Summary

    Transposable elements (TEs) significantly shape long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs), with 83% containing TEs that influence their evolution and tissue-specific expression. TEs may confer regulatory signals, impacting lincRNA function.

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    Real-Time Quantification of the Effects of IS200/IS605 Family-Associated TnpB on Transposon Activity

    Published on: January 20, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Genomics
    • Molecular Biology
    • Evolutionary Biology

    Background:

    • Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) are crucial for genome regulation.
    • The evolutionary origins and drivers of lincRNA diversity are largely unknown.
    • Transposable elements (TEs) are potential factors influencing lincRNA evolution and function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To comprehensively analyze the transposable element (TE) content of human lincRNAs.
    • To compare TE composition in lincRNAs with genomic averages and protein-coding transcripts.
    • To investigate the potential role of TEs in lincRNA evolution and transcriptional regulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Bioinformatic analysis of TE content in 9,241 human lincRNAs.
    • Comparative analysis of TE composition across lincRNAs, protein-coding genes, and the genome.
    • Examination of TE positions, orientations, and correlation with lincRNA expression patterns.

    Main Results:

    • 83% of human lincRNAs contain TEs, comprising 42% of their sequence.
    • TE composition in lincRNAs differs significantly from genomic averages, with depletion of L1/Alu and enrichment of endogenous retroviruses.
    • TEs are found at biased positions, particularly transcription start sites, influencing lincRNA expression, such as HERVH elements and stem cell-specific expression.

    Conclusions:

    • Transposable elements are pervasive in lincRNAs and may have driven their evolution and functional diversification.
    • TEs can confer tissue-specific expression patterns to lincRNAs through regulatory signals.
    • lincRNAs lacking TEs exhibit higher expression levels across most tissues compared to those with TEs.