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Related Concept Videos

Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

Antigen processing and presentation: evolution from a bird's eye view.

Jim Kaufman1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. jfk31@cam.ac.uk

Molecular Immunology
|November 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chicken MHC organization, with antigen processing genes near class I genes, likely represents the ancestral structure. This contrasts with mammals, suggesting an inversion event shaped MHC evolution and early adaptive immunity.

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Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells
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Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
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Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation
12:48

Purification of the Membrane Compartment for Endoplasmic Reticulum-associated Degradation of Exogenous Antigens in Cross-presentation

Published on: August 21, 2017

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells
13:18

Artificial Antigen Presenting Cell (aAPC) Mediated Activation and Expansion of Natural Killer T Cells

Published on: December 29, 2012

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) is crucial for adaptive immunity.
  • Chicken MHC studies provide insights into non-mammalian immune systems.
  • Genomic organization influences gene co-evolution within the MHC.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a framework for MHC evolution based on genomic organization.
  • To compare MHC structure in chickens and mammals.
  • To understand the role of MHC organization in the early adaptive immune system.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of MHC genomic organization.
  • Investigating gene co-evolution within the chicken MHC.
  • Contrasting chicken MHC with human and mammalian MHC structures.

Main Results:

  • Chicken MHC features ancestral organization with closely linked TAP and tapasin genes co-evolving with a single class I locus.
  • Mammalian MHC organization, with separated antigen processing genes, resulted from a large inversion.
  • This ancestral organization likely facilitated the development of antigen presentation pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Chicken MHC organization represents a likely ancestral state.
  • Genomic rearrangements, like inversions, significantly impacted MHC evolution.
  • MHC structure played a key role in the emergence of adaptive immunity.