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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Diabetic Neuropathy01:22

Diabetic Neuropathy

DefinitionDiabetic neuropathy is nerve damage caused by long-standing diabetes mellitus. It results directly from prolonged high blood sugar levels.PathophysiologyThe pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves both metabolic and vascular disturbances triggered by chronic hyperglycemia.Metabolic injury: Elevated glucose levels activate the polyol pathway within nerve cells, leading to the accumulation of sorbitol and fructose. This increases oxidative stress, disrupts normal nerve...

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Sustained Administration of &#946;-cell Mitogens to Intact Mouse Islets Ex Vivo Using Biodegradable Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres
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Published on: November 5, 2016

Materials for diabetes therapeutics.

Kaitlin M Bratlie1, Roger L York, Michael A Invernale

  • 1The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 32 Vassar St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|November 28, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores materials and methods for closed-loop systems in type 1 diabetes therapy. It covers artificial pancreases and synthetic systems, focusing on biocompatibility and insulin delivery.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Endocrinology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes management requires precise glucose control.
  • Current therapies have limitations in mimicking natural pancreatic function.
  • Closed-loop systems offer a promising avenue for improved glycemic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review materials and fabrication methods for closed-loop systems in type 1 diabetes therapy.
  • To discuss artificial pancreas and totally synthetic pancreas approaches.
  • To highlight key design requirements for these advanced therapeutic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on materials and fabrication techniques.
  • Discussion of polymeric biomaterials for cell encapsulation (artificial pancreas).
  • Analysis of glucose sensing and insulin release systems for synthetic pancreas development.

Main Results:

  • Two primary approaches: artificial pancreases (cell-based) and totally synthetic pancreases (device-based).
  • Essential design criteria include biocompatibility and small molecule/protein permeability.
  • Various polymers (e.g., EVA, polyanhydrides, hydrogels) and fabrication methods (e.g., microencapsulation) are suitable.

Conclusions:

  • Both artificial and synthetic closed-loop systems require careful material selection and fabrication.
  • Advancements in polymer science and sensing technologies are crucial for effective type 1 diabetes management.
  • These systems aim to provide more autonomous and precise glucose regulation.