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Related Concept Videos

Enteral Nutrition I: Orogastric and Nasogastric Feeding01:26

Enteral Nutrition I: Orogastric and Nasogastric Feeding

Enteral nutrition delivers nutrients directly to the stomach or small intestine through a tube. This method is appropriate for patients who cannot eat but still have a functioning digestive system. It is also beneficial for individuals with swallowing difficulties, anorexia, malabsorption, or those who have undergone gastrointestinal (GI) surgery.
Orogastric (OG) and nasogastric (NG) feeding are two standard methods used for enteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition is often preferred over...
Entropy01:18

Entropy

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
Entropy02:39

Entropy

Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral01:18

Routes of Drug Administration: Enteral

Medications can be administered through the enteral route using liquids, capsules, or tablets.
Enteral administration involves drug administration via the mouth in two ways: orally or sublingually.
Unlike sublingually drugs, drugs that are taken orally pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and get metabolized by the liver. Once metabolized, the drug is absorbed into the systemic circulation, reaching different body parts via the bloodstream. However, while passing through the stomach,...
Enthalpy02:59

Enthalpy

Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum of a system’s internal energy (E) and the mathematical product of its pressure (P) and volume (V):
Regioselective Formation of Enolates01:33

Regioselective Formation of Enolates

As depicted in the figure below, the unsymmetrical ketones can form two possible enolates: less substituted or more substituted enolates. Usually, the thermodynamic enolates are formed from the more substituted α-carbon atom, while the kinetic enolates are formed faster by deprotonation from the less substituted position. The thermodynamic enolates have lower energy, so they are more stable. But the energy required to form kinetic enolates is less.

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma
02:37

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma

Published on: December 15, 2023

[ENT].

F Marchal1

  • 1Oto-rhino-laryngologie et chirurgie cervico-faciale, Cours de Rive 16, 1204 Genève. f.marchal@bluewin.ch

Revue Medicale Suisse
|November 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers recent advancements in otolaryngology, including nasal corticoids for Eustachian tube dysfunction and the impact of tobacco on sinus surgery. It also explores future treatments for head and neck cancers.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma
02:37

Robot-Assisted Transcanal Endoscopic Ear Surgery for Congenital Cholesteatoma

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • General Practice
  • Medical Research

Context:

  • Review of 2011 abstracts focusing on general practice in otolaryngology.
  • Covers advancements in ear, nose, and throat (ENT) conditions.
  • Highlights key research areas from a large abstract pool.

Purpose:

  • To summarize significant findings and emerging trends in otolaryngology from 2011.
  • To provide an overview of treatments and research for common ENT issues.
  • To identify potential future directions in head and neck medicine.

Summary:

  • Discusses nasal corticoids for Eustachian tube dysfunction and vestibular neuronitis treatment.
  • Examines bone-anchored hearing aids and vestibular implants.
  • Addresses tobacco's influence on sinus surgery, staphylococcus treatment, and neuronavigation.
  • Explores future head and neck cancer treatments and diet-cancer correlations.

Impact:

  • Informs clinicians about current and developing ENT treatments.
  • Highlights the role of lifestyle factors like tobacco in sinus surgery outcomes.
  • Suggests potential future research avenues in head and neck oncology and treatment modalities.