Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Electromagnetic Spectrum01:24

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as radio, infrared, ultraviolet, etc. Radio waves refer to electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from millimeters to kilometers. Radio waves are commonly used for audio communications (i.e., radios) and typically result from an alternating current in the wires of a broadcast antenna. They cover a broad wavelength range and are used...
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves01:22

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a plane electromagnetic wave with E0 and B0 as the peak electric and magnetic fields and traveling along the x-axis, the time-varying energy flux can be given by the following equation:
Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere's law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere's law is given as:
Electromagnetic Waves01:30

Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his theory predicted “Electromagnetic waves”. He brought together all the work that had been done by brilliant physicists such as Oersted, Coulomb, Gauss, and Faraday and added his own insights to develop the overarching theory of electromagnetism. Maxwell’s equations, combined with the Lorentz force law, encompass all the laws of electricity and...
Standing Electromagnetic Waves01:15

Standing Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves can be reflected; the surface of a conductor or a dielectric can act as a reflector. As electric and magnetic fields obey the superposition principle, so do electromagnetic waves. The superposition of an incident wave and a reflected electromagnetic wave produces a standing wave analogous to the standing waves created on a stretched string.
Suppose a sheet of a perfect conductor is placed in the yz-plane, and a linearly polarized electromagnetic wave traveling in the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comparative analysis of MinION and MiSeq using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing in human gut microbiome.

BMC biotechnology·2026
Same author

Unveiling the molecular mechanism of Qingwen Baidu decoction against dengue fever: an integrated study of bioinformatic analysis, machine learning and network pharmacology.

Functional & integrative genomics·2026
Same author

Metagenomic expansion of Joyebacterota identifies <i>Cavimicrobium</i>, a dominant sulfide-producing lineage in anoxic marine ecosystems.

ISME communications·2026
Same author

Controllable Surface Structures of Hydroxyapatite Processed by Picosecond Laser in Air and Underwater: A Comparative Study of Experiment and Simulation.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Spousal Support and Strain in Relation to Concerns About Aging: The Serial Mediating Roles of Life Satisfaction and Attitudes Toward Own Aging.

Research square·2026
Same author

[Role of carbohydrate response element-binding protein/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling pathway in sepsis-associated encephalopathy in rats].

Zhonghua wei zhong bing ji jiu yi xue·2026
Same journal

Denoising algorithm of Φ-OTDR systems based on adaptive fractional wavelet transform denoising.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Millisecond photon-to-photon latency and high-speed volumetric projection system for optogenetics.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Polarization-encoded coaxial structured light for high-precision 3D surface profilometry.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Discrete freeform optical design based on collaborative optimization of point cloud and local normals.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Ultrafast ghost imaging with 25 GHz speckle switching and wavelength-division multiplexing.

Optics express·2026
Same journal

Atomic vapor cells fabricated by femtosecond laser welding of standard-optical-quality glass.

Optics express·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Full spectrum millimeter-wave modulation.

Julien Macario1, Peng Yao, Shouyuan Shi

  • 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA. jmacario@udel.edu

Optics Express
|November 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new lithium niobate phase modulator for faster optical networks. This device operates up to 300 GHz, enabling higher bandwidths for future communication systems.

More Related Videos

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
09:43

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping
09:43

Transmission of Multiple Signals through an Optical Fiber Using Wavefront Shaping

Published on: March 20, 2017

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor
10:00

Gradient Echo Quantum Memory in Warm Atomic Vapor

Published on: November 11, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Photonics and Optical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Telecommunications

Background:

  • Advancements in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) electro-optic modulators are crucial for meeting the demand for faster optical networks.
  • Existing modulator designs face limitations in operational bandwidth, hindering the progress of next-generation communication systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel lithium niobate electro-optic phase modulator with significantly enhanced operational bandwidth.
  • To achieve bandwidths exceeding 300 GHz for future high-speed optical networks.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a lithium niobate electro-optic phase modulator utilizing a coplanar waveguide ridged structure.
  • Employed advanced material processing techniques to thin the lithium niobate substrate to less than 39 µm.
  • Characterized modulator performance across the millimeter-wave spectrum.

Main Results:

  • The developed modulator demonstrated operational bandwidths up to 300 GHz.
  • Thinning the lithium niobate substrate effectively eliminated substrate modes.
  • Optical sidebands were observed across the entire millimeter-wave spectrum, confirming high-frequency performance.

Conclusions:

  • The novel ridged structure and substrate thinning technique enable unprecedented bandwidths in lithium niobate modulators.
  • This advancement supports the development of ultra-high-speed optical networks and future communication technologies.
  • The demonstrated performance paves the way for next-generation telecommunications infrastructure.