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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Atypical Pneumonia01:14

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...
Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract01:29

Anatomy of Respiratory System I: Upper Respiratory Tract

The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
Nose and nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity represent the main external openings of the respiratory tract.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage
07:47

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage

Published on: February 15, 2013

Not the usual sinusitis.

Hussam Ammar1, Amy Kott, Ragai Fouda

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, USA. hussam.m.ammar@uth.tmc.edu

BMJ Case Reports
|November 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A rare cause of adult seizures, encephalocele (brain tissue protrusion) was diagnosed after a patient

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage
07:47

Experimental Human Pneumococcal Carriage

Published on: February 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Encephalocele, a protrusion of cranial contents, is a rare cause of seizures in adults.
  • Initial presentation can mimic common conditions like sinusitis, delaying diagnosis.

Observation:

  • A 38-year-old woman experienced recurrent seizures.
  • Initial CT scan suggested sinusitis, but further evaluation revealed a posterior wall defect of the right frontal sinus and a possible encephalocele.
  • Chronic nasal discharge and watery rhinorrhea were also noted, suggesting cerebrospinal fluid leak.

Findings:

  • Surgical resection of the encephalocele and frontal sinus cranialization were performed.
  • The patient remained seizure-free post-operatively.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of considering encephalocele in adult-onset seizures, especially with a history of sinonasal symptoms.
  • Advanced imaging like MRI is crucial for accurate diagnosis.
  • Surgical intervention can effectively resolve seizures caused by encephalocele.