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Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents01:23

Antidepressant Drugs: MAOIs and Other Agents

Atypical antidepressants, including bupropion (Wellbutrin), mirtazapine (Remeron), nefazodone (Serzone), trazodone (Desyrel), and vilazodone (Viibryd), offer unique mechanisms of action. Bupropion weakly inhibits dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake, aiding depression treatment and smoking cessation, with a low risk of sexual dysfunction. Mirtazapine enhances serotonin and norepinephrine neurotransmission, leading to sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain. As a result, it helps treat...
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Antidepressant drugs are a class of medications primarily used for treating various mood disorders, including major depression, anxiety disorders, and other related conditions. These medicines work by modulating the neurotransmitter balance within the brain, alleviating depressive symptoms. Antidepressants can be broadly categorized into several groups according to their mechanism of action and chemical structure: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin-Norepinephrine...
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These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
04:29

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression

Published on: January 7, 2019

Neuromodulation for treatment-resistant depression.

Paul E Holtzheimer1, Helen S Mayberg

  • 1Departments of Psychiatry and Surgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center 5D, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon NH 03756, USA.

F1000 Medicine Reports
|November 29, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) impacts 1-3% of Americans. This review covers focal neuromodulation therapies like TMS and VNS, highlighting FDA-approved options for TRD.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
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Published on: January 7, 2019

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
05:19

Closed-Loop Neurostimulation for Biomarker-Driven, Personalized Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder

Published on: July 7, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects 1-3% of the US population.
  • Existing pharmacological and psychological treatments are ineffective for a significant portion of patients.
  • Novel therapeutic approaches are crucial for managing TRD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current landscape of focal neuromodulation therapies for TRD.
  • To focus on treatments with published clinical data.
  • To identify FDA-approved neuromodulation options for depression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of focal neuromodulation techniques for TRD.
  • Analysis of published clinical data for efficacy and safety.
  • Identification of therapies with US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval.

Main Results:

  • Several focal neuromodulation therapies show promise for TRD, including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), direct cortical stimulation (DCS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS).
  • Only TMS and VNS currently hold FDA approval for the treatment of depression.
  • Clinical data varies across the reviewed modalities.

Conclusions:

  • Focal neuromodulation offers a growing range of options for patients with TRD.
  • TMS and VNS represent established, FDA-approved neuromodulation treatments for depression.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the potential of other neuromodulation techniques in TRD management.