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Vaccines

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...

Vaccinations

Vaccinations

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Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Vaccine Production

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

Published on: April 20, 2011

[Poliovirus vaccine].

Hiroyuki Shimizu¹

¹Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases. hshimizu@nih.go.jp

|November 30, 2012

Summary

Japan is transitioning from oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) to inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) to prevent vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. Enhanced surveillance is crucial during this shift to monitor immunity gaps and ensure public health safety.

Area of Science:

Vaccinology
Infectious Disease Epidemiology
Public Health Policy

Context:

The global shift towards inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) aims to mitigate risks associated with oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), including vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (VAPP) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses.
Japan is set to introduce IPV, including Sabin-derived IPV (sIPV), in late 2012, prompting a decline in OPV immunization rates due to public apprehension.
This transition necessitates careful monitoring of polio immunity gaps and intensified surveillance for suspected polio cases and laboratory diagnosis.

Purpose:

To address the risks of VAPP and polio outbreaks from circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses.
To inform public health strategies during Japan's transition from OPV to IPV.
To highlight the potential of sIPV as an affordable IPV option for developing countries.

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Published on: May 6, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

Particle Agglutination Method for Poliovirus Identification

Published on: April 20, 2011

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches

Published on: May 6, 2015

Summary:

Japan's introduction of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) necessitates enhanced surveillance to manage immunity gaps and public concerns, following a global trend to prevent vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks.
The development of Sabin-derived IPV (sIPV) presents a viable, affordable IPV solution for developing nations.
Further clinical evaluation of sIPV's efficacy, safety, and interchangeability is required post-introduction.

Impact:

Ensures continued polio prevention during a critical vaccine transition in Japan.
Facilitates the global adoption of safer and more effective polio vaccines.
Supports the development and accessibility of affordable IPV for global health initiatives.