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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking the...
Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor
10:16

Perforated Patch-clamp Recording of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons in Intact Neuroepithelium: Functional Analysis of Neurons Expressing an Identified Odorant Receptor

Published on: July 13, 2015

Distributed auditory sensory input within the mouse olfactory cortex.

Adrienn G Varga1, Daniel W Wesson

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|November 30, 2012
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Auditory sensory information converges in the mammalian olfactory cortex, specifically the olfactory tubercle (OT) and piriform cortex (PCX). This cross-modal integration may influence how animals process odors and guide behaviors.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Processing
  • Olfactory System

Background:

  • The mammalian olfactory cortex is traditionally viewed as solely responsible for odor processing.
  • Emerging evidence indicates convergence of multiple sensory modalities within olfactory cortical structures.
  • Previous research identified auditory input in the olfactory tubercle (OT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether auditory sensory input is a distributed feature across the olfactory cortex.
  • To examine auditory responses in the piriform cortex (PCX), adjacent to the OT.
  • To compare auditory processing in the OT and PCX.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo extracellular recordings were performed in anesthetized mice.
  • Neuronal firing rates in the OT and PCX were measured in response to auditory tones.
  • Tone-evoked responses and frequency tuning were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • 29% of sampled units in the PCX exhibited tone-evoked responses, supporting distributed auditory input.
  • 37% of units in the OT showed tone-evoked responses.
  • While response magnitudes were similar, the OT showed significantly higher tone signal-to-noise ratio than the PCX.
  • No significant effect of tone frequency was observed; units were narrowly tuned.

Conclusions:

  • Auditory sensory input is present in both the olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex, suggesting it's a distributed property of the olfactory cortex.
  • This cross-modal integration suggests that auditory information may modulate olfactory processing, perception, and odor-guided behaviors.