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Treating the developing brain: implications from human imaging and mouse genetics.

B J Casey1, Siobhan S Pattwell, Charles E Glatt

  • 1Sackler Institute for Developmental Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Cornell MedicalCollege, New York, New York 10065, USA. bjc2002@med.cornell.edu

Annual Review of Medicine
|November 30, 2012
PubMed
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Understanding developmental timing is crucial for psychiatric treatment. This study examines fear learning across development, particularly adolescence, to improve anxiety disorder therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Psychiatric Medicine

Background:

  • A critical gap exists in psychiatric medicine regarding the optimal timing for therapeutic interventions during patient development.
  • Adolescence is a key developmental period marked by a surge in diagnoses for numerous psychiatric disorders.
  • Anxiety disorders, highly prevalent in youth, serve as a model to investigate age-dependent treatment efficacy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review developmental changes in behavior and brain function, with a focus on adolescence.
  • To examine age-related alterations in basic fear learning, a core mechanism in anxiety disorders.
  • To explore the genetic modulation of fear learning in both mice and humans to inform therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of behavioral and neurobiological changes across development, emphasizing adolescence.

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  • Analysis of fear learning paradigms as a function of age.
  • Examination of genetic influences on fear learning from preclinical (mouse) and human studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Fear learning processes undergo significant changes throughout development, with distinct patterns emerging during adolescence.
    • Adolescence represents a critical window for the onset of many anxiety disorders, linked to specific fear learning dynamics.
    • Genetic factors demonstrably influence fear learning, suggesting potential for personalized therapeutic approaches.

    Conclusions:

    • Age-specific understanding of fear learning is essential for developing effective anxiety disorder treatments.
    • Future research should focus on age- and gene-informed innovative therapies and preventive strategies for youth mental health.
    • Integrating developmental neuroscience and genetics can optimize the timing and efficacy of psychiatric interventions.